Case Analysis Sprod Bnf V Public Relations Oriented...

Introduction At first, the NSW Supreme Court found that the Public Relation Oriented Security was not vicariously liable as the assault was motivated by guard’s blood lust and want beyond the reasonable acts. In Sprod bnf v Public Relations Oriented Security Pty Ltd[1], the court of appeal was faced with complex difficulty concerning the employee’s authority either the authority of the employee is within the scope of employment or not which may resulted in vicarious liability. Material Facts The appellant, Mr. Sprod who was acting drunk and assaulting inside a pizza shop, prompted the owner of the shop to call security guards from the respondent, Public Relations Oriented Security Ptd Ltd. The assault occurred after the appellant†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the employers must constitute their employee with appropriate action. Although the employer held an appropriate license, the employer may still be liable of their acts due to the employee negligence[14]. Especially in regard with dangerous environment, assault scenario can easily arise due to the security where alcohol increases the assault[15]. Legal Development Further area left unanswered by Sprod bnf v Public Relations Oriented Security was highlighted in McCracken v Melbourne Storm Rugby League Footbal Club (2005)[16]. This case stated that employer is imposed vicarious liability upon employer for animosity act or criminal act by employees. The case also stated that there must be closely connection within the authority of employees and act by which their employer was considered to be vicariously liable. This case may resolve the entire issues rise in Sprof bnf v Public Relations Oriented Security. Conclusion The connection of an employee s acts to his or her employment may sometimes extend to events that occur outside the physical confines of the workplace. References Lo Surdo, A. (2008) The latest word from the High Court on vicarious liability, LAW SOCIETY JOURNAL, September 45 (8), pp.64-65. Sprod bnf v Public Relations Oriented Security Pty Ltd [2007] NSWCA 319. State of New South Wales v Lepore [2003] 212 CLR 511, 536 per Gleeson CJ. Fisher, C. (2008) Are Employers Liable for an Employee’s Criminal Doing? February,

Mis Chapter 7 Free Essays

Chapter 7 Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology 1) Telephone networks are fundamentally different from computer networks. Answer: TRUE 2) Increasingly, voice, video, and data communications are all based on Internet technology. Answer: TRUE Â   3) To create a computer network, you must have at least two computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Mis Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Answer: TRUE 4) An NOS must reside on a dedicated server computer in order to manage a network. Answer: FALSE 5) A hub is a networking device that connects network components and is used to filter and forward data to specified destinations on the network. Answer: FALSE 6) In a client/server network, a network server provides every connected client with an address so it can be found by others on the network. Answer: TRUE 7) Central large mainframe computing has largely replaced client/server computing. Answer: FALSE 8) Circuit switching makes much more efficient use of the communications capacity of a network than does packet switching. Answer: FALSE 9) A protocol is a standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network. Answer: TRUE 10) Two computers using TCP/IP can communicate even if they are based on different hardware and software platforms. Answer: TRUE 11) In a ring topology, one station transmits signals, which travel in both directions along a single transmission segment. Answer: FALSE 12) Coaxial cable is similar to that used for cable television and consists of thickly insulated copper wire. Answer: TRUE 13) Fiber-optic cable is more expensive and harder to install than wire media. Answer: TRUE 14) The number of cycles per second that can be sent through any telecommunications medium is measured in kilobytes. Answer: FALSE 15) The Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to domain names. Answer: FALSE 16) VoIP technology delivers video information in digital form using packet switching. Answer: TRUE 17) Web 3. 0 is a collaborative effort to add a layer of meaning to the existing Web in order to reduce the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information. Answer: TRUE 18) Wi-Fi enables users to freely roam from one hotspot to another even if the next hotspot is using different Wi-Fi network services. Answer: FALSE 19) WiMax has a wireless access range of up to 31 miles. Answer: TRUE 20) RFID has been exceptionally popular from the technology’s inception because of its low implementation costs. Answer: FALSE 21) The device that acts as a connection point between computers and can filter and forward data to a specified destination is called a(n) A) hub. B) switch. C) router. D) NIC. 22) The Internet is based on which three key technologies? A) TCP/IP, HTML, and HTTP B) TCP/IP, HTTP, and packet switching C) client/server computing, packet switching, and the development of communications standards for linking networks and computers D) client/server computing, packet switching, and HTTP 23) The method of slicing digital messages into parcels, transmitting them along different communication paths, and reassembling them at their destinations is called A) multiplexing. B) packet switching. C) packet routing. D) ATM. 24) The telephone system is an example of a ________ network. A) peer-to-peer B) wireless C) packet-switched D) circuit-switched 25) Which of the following is not a characteristic of packet switching? A) Packets travel independently of each other. B) Packets are routed through many different paths. C) Packet switching requires point-to-point circuits. D) Packets include data for checking transmission errors. 26) In TCP/IP, IP is responsible for A) disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission. B) establishing an Internet connection between two computers. C) moving packets over the network. D) sequencing the transfer of packets. 27) In a telecommunications network architecture, a protocol is A) a device that handles the switching of voice and data in a local area network. B) a standard set of rules and procedures for control of communications in a network. C) a communications service for microcomputer users. D) the main computer in a telecommunications network. 28) What are the four layers of the TCP/IP reference model? A) physical, application, transport, and network interface B) physical, application, Internet, and network interface C) application, transport, Internet, and network interface D) application, hardware, Internet, and network interface 29) Which signal types are represented by a continuous waveform? A) laser B) optical C) digital D) analog 30) To use the analog telephone system for sending digital data, you must also use A) a modem. B) a router. C) DSL. D) twisted wire. 31) Which type of network is used to connect digital devices within a half-mile or 500-meter radius? A) microwave B) LAN C) WAN D) MAN 32) Which of the following Internet connection types offers the greatest bandwidth? A) T3 B) DSL C) cable D) T1 33) Which type of network would be most appropriate for a business that comprised three employees and a manager located in the same office space, whose primary need is to share documents? A) wireless network in infrastructure mode B) domain-based LAN C) peer-to-peer network D) campus area network 34) In a bus network A) signals are broadcast to the next station. B) signals are broadcast in both directions to the entire network. C) multiple hubs are organized in a hierarchy. D) messages pass from computer to computer in a loop. 35) All network components connect to a single hub in a ________ topology. A) star B) bus C) domain D) peer-to-peer 36) The most common Ethernet topology is A) bus. B) star. C) ring. D) mesh. 37) A network that spans a city, and sometimes its major suburbs as well, is called a A) CAN. B) MAN. C) LAN. D) WAN. 38) A network that covers broad geographical regions is most commonly referred to as a(n) A) local area network. B) intranet. C) peer-to-peer network. D) wide area network. 39) ________ work by using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas. A) Cell phones B) Microwaves C) Satellites D) WANs 40) Bandwidth is the A) number of frequencies that can be broadcast through a medium. B) number of cycles per second that can be sent through a medium. C) difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be accommodated on a single channel. D) total number of bytes that can be sent through a medium per second. How to cite Mis Chapter 7, Essay examples

Essay on Malaria and Climate Change-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an Short Essay on Malaria and Climate Change. Answer: Malaria and climate change The essay focuses on the assessment of the influences of climatic changes on infectious diseases like Malaria. The climatic change is simply a stage of variation in the climate which takes place due to several changing factors in the external or internal zone of weather. The atmosphere is adversely affecting from the long decade. The factor of change in climate is a main cause of the disease of Malaria. Malaria, the most common disease known due to the mosquito bites and kills approximately people of hundred nine countries. The infectious disease like Malaria is rapidly spread and increases due to adverse effects on ecology. Malaria considered as a deadly disease under category of Vector borne diseases (VBD). The disease is infected by the bite of mosquito named as arthropod species in a medical term. It is recently reported in the year of 2015 that the disease of Malaria transmits in almost ninety seven countries as per World Health Organisation (WHO) research. (Caminade et.al. 2014). The climatic change influences the disease of malaria during its incubation period of a mosquito. The lifespan of any mosquito is increased by the factor of change in temperature. For instance- rainfall is one of the causes of malaria because stagnant water get deposited which aids breeding number of mosquito eggs. Higher temperature along with sufficient rainfall also boosts the breeding of the lifespan of an infected mosquito. An increased level of humidity results into droughts which consequently turns into small rivers or pools for the mosquitoes sites for breeding (Tren, 2008). The disease of the malaria introduced through the prominent medical officer, Ronald Ross. Ross was the first person to demonstrate the mosquitos parasites. Another pioneer in the history of malaria was Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, a medical professor who created a first attempt to cure disease by its creation of synthetic vaccine. The disease of malaria is caused by the one-celled parasite called Plasmodium. The female species named anopheles pick up the blood from any infected human on a bite in order to breed her eggs (Gething et.al.2010). In order to curb the disease of malaria, the preventive measures are needed to implement. Such preventive measures include long lasting treatment, lasting spraying in indoor areas and access of anti-malarial drugs. Billions of population is affected by the disease of malaria mostly the poor families. The effective eradication strategy must be implemented to widespread awareness among people about the health issues of malaria. For instance- strategy like RBM (Roll Back Malaria) must acquire public awareness (Lafferty, 2009). The climatic change on the disease of malaria seems hard to measure as they fluctuate uncertainly. The future years does not provide a transparent or stable vision of weather. The evidences by scientist indicate that malaria varies seasonally in highly endemic areas. Some scientist reported that overpopulation is another facet responsible for malaria. Even the extreme lower temperature is also contributing growth of mosquitoes (Martens et.al. 2015) Thus, several environmentalists studies suggest that warmer climate is a major cause in increase of the malaria. The rise in warmer temperature cannot be controlled and regulates if the environmental hazards like pollution exists. Everything is linked together ultimately with an environment (Ostfeld, 2009) Therefore, the essay concludes that no health issues shall be introduced if every human being is concerned with an environment first. The green and healthy environment is a key to curb the deadly disease like malaria. In order to establish green and healthy environment, the preventive measures must ensure the strict monitoring and regulation over its negative outcomes. References Caminade, C., Kovats, S., Rocklov, J., Tompkins, A. M., Morse, A. P., Coln-Gonzlez, F. J., ... Lloyd, S. J. (2014). Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(9), 3286-3291. Gething, P. W., Smith, D. L., Patil, A. P., Tatem, A. J., Snow, R. W., Hay, S. I. (2010). Climate change and the global malaria recession.Nature,465(7296), 342-345. Lafferty, K. D. (2009). The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases.Ecology,90(4), 888-900. Martens, W. J., Niessen, L. W., Rotmans, J., Jetten, T. H., McMichael, A. J. (2015). Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environmental health perspectives, 103(5), 458. Ostfeld, R. S. (2009). Climate change and the distribution and intensity of infectious diseases.Ecology,90(4), 903-905. Tren, R. (2008). Malaria and climate change. Working papers series, Julian Simon Centre for Policy Research.

Movie Review The Last Emperor

â€Å"The Last Emperor† is a Chinese 1987 epic film, directed by Bertolucci Bernardo. The film is based on the life of Emperor Pu Yi, who was the last individual to reign as Emperor in China. It derives most of its narrative from Pu Yi’s autobiography titled â€Å"From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi†.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: The Last Emperor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this book, the former emperor documents his journey from being an Emperor to an ordinary Chinese citizen. The movie depicts events that took place over a period of 60 years. During this time, China underwent radical transformation due to the significant social-political events that occurred over the time span. The film begins in 1950 in a Chinese Prison, where Pu Yi has been taken as a political prisoner. After a failed attempt to end his life, the Emperor begins to have flashbacks of his earlier years. His first memories are of how he became the Emperor after being named successor to Empress Dowager Ciwi who was dying. This was in the year 1908 and Pu Yi was only 2 years old. Following this declaration, the young Pu Yi moved to the Forbidden City, which was the official home of the emperor. The film shows Pu Yi’s early life where many eunuchs and private tutors served him. It then illustrates how Pu Yi was forced to give up power after the Chinese Revolution of 1911. After this, he continued to serve as a figurehead and was allowed to maintain his luxurious lifestyle in the Forbidden City. However, a warlord banished the Emperor from the Forbidden City in 1924 forcing him to live in exile. After 6 years in exile, Pu Yi moved to Manchuria, which was his native land. While in this region, the Japanese occupational forces reinstated him as a puppet head. His reign ended when Russian forces captured him at the end of the Second World War. The R ussians kept him under arrest up to 1950 when he is returned to communist China. Here Pu Yi underwent reeducation under Mao’s reign. At the end of the reeducation efforts, he took up the occupation of a gardener and lived a humble life. While living the life of a simple gardener, Pu Yi was able to visit the Forbidden City as a tourist and he looked at the Dragon Throne, where he once reigned from, with mixed emotions. The film has a number of major characters: Emperor Pu Yi, who is the film’s central figure; Emperor’s wife, Wanrong Gobulo, who comes from a royal background and stays with Pu Yi until the end of World War II; Scottish Reginald Fleming, who served as the tutor to the young emperor and provided Pu Yi with knowledge about the outside world and inspired the young emperor to travel outside the Forbidden City; and Chen Baochen, the emperor’s personal advisor and tutor, who remained loyal to the Qing dynasty even after it collapses.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The film covers events that took place between 1908 and 1967. This gives the film major social-historical dimensions, since China underwent a number of significant changes in this turbulent period. The first major event covered by the film is the succession of Empress Dowager Cixi by the 2-year-old Pu Yi. The film then addressed the 1911 revolution that marked the start of modern China as it abolished the monarchy and established a republic under president Dr. Sun Yat Sen. This event led to Emperor Pu Yi being forced to give up his official powers. The film then records that the emperor was forced out of the Forbidden City in 1924. At around this time, the 13-year-old Chinese Republic was experiencing some problems as the ruling party was becoming more authoritarian in nature. The problems experienced by the state escalated when the ruling Kuomintang party split with the Communist Party. The Kuomintang banned the Communist Party and imprisoned most of its top leaders. This led to the Communist Party making plans to overthrow the Kuomintang and bring about a Communist Revolution in China. The realities of Japanese expansionist trends in Asia during the 1930s are highlighted in the film. It documents how Japan was able to take over the region of Manchuria and govern over it from 1931 to 1945. Emperor Pu Yi was installed as the puppet ruler in order to add legitimacy to Japanese rule. Pu Yi was responsible for signing a number of treaties that increased Japanese power in the occupied territory. This puppet state ended after the Allied forces defeated Japan and the Second World War came to an end. Another significant period covered by the movie is the Cultural Revolution under Mao Zedong. Mao took leadership of China in 1949 and set out to eliminate the old establishment and replace it with a strong Communist State. During the first years of h is rule, China experienced the Cultural Revolution that had a major impact on the social and political environment in the country. The revolution was started by peasants in the countryside who wanted to do away with the decadence of the rich. One of the ways in which the new order was brought about was by destroying the property owner class and re-educating the upper class. The Emperor was one of the individuals who underwent reeducation in Mao’s China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Review: The Last Emperor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In my opinion, the film succeeds in capturing the social and political environment in China during the lifetime of Pu Yi. It succeeds in demonstrating how the country underwent a transformation due to significant events including the 1911 revolution, the Japanese invasion, the Second World War, and the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949. The film effectively h ighlights the dramatic changes that China underwent from monarchy to republic. This transformation is best exemplified by the Forbidden City, which was once owned by the Emperor, but later becomes a public area. The film does not place equal weight on all the important issues it addresses. An issue that emerged strongly in the film was the wastefulness of the imperial era. The film demonstrates that the emperor never performed any activity for himself. Pu Yi was forced to learn how to perform basic tasks for himself through reeducation. The issues that are not well demonstrated by the film are the negative aspects of the reeducation that took place during the Cultural Revolution. The film does not make it clear that during this period, hundreds of thousands of landowners were disposed or executed. Many intellectuals in the country were sent to the rural areas where they engaged in hard labor as a form of reeducation. The most important thing that I learnt about China from this film was that there was an extreme level of extravagance by the Emperor during the monarchy days. The film clearly displays the lavishness of the Forbidden City, where Pu Yi lived. The palace is enormous in size, and it is filled with expensive furniture and ornaments. We are shown hundreds of servants who do everything for the Emperor and kneel before him in respect. This information made me understand why the Chinese people carried out a revolution against the monarchy and formed a republic, which later on became the Communist State of China. The oppressive socio-political environment advanced by the monarchy fueled the revolution that made Pu Yi the last emperor. This essay on Movie Review: The Last Emperor was written and submitted by user Reid B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Talking To Babies Example

Talking To Babies Example Talking To Babies – Coursework Example Talking to Babies al Affiliation) Talking to Babies There are numerous advantages of talking to babies before they beginto talk. It is not prudent to wait for them to commence uttering their first words to start talking to them. Research on infant speech indicate that talking to babies enhance their brain power, in addition to establishing the foundation of success in school (Sample, 2014). Further research indicates that talking to babies enable them to understand the â€Å"rules and rhythms of language† before they begin to speak. However, developmental psychologists do not recommend that adult to baby talk be similar to that of adult to adult talk. Neither do they require adults to speak baby talk when talking to babies. Research indicates that the best way to talk to babies before they begin to speak is by speaking â€Å"parentese† (Speak Parentese, Not Baby Talk). This is a method whereby the adult uses a musical way of talking to children by stretching the vowels to ensure that the words are clear to the baby. Such talk enables caregivers to develop a connection with the babies as they develop language skills. According to Sample, (2014) it is important to talk to babies from the first day because language development is fundamental to brain development. Babies ought to have minds that can conceptualize. Research on infant speech indicates that babies are fascinated by the way adults talk to them. Therefore, talking to babies before they begin to speak enable their brain to â€Å"map† the sounds and imitate the caregivers; hence understanding the language.ReferencesSample, I. (2014, February 14). Talking to babies boosts their brain power, studies show. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from theguardian.com/science/2014/feb/14/talking-to-babies-brain-power-language Top of FormBottom of FormSpeak Parentese, Not Baby Talk. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2015, from pbs.org/parents/child-development/baby-and-toddler/baby-talk-speaking-parentes e/

Car Accident Essay Example for Free (#3)

Car Accident Essay Peter is nice man and a hard worker, but he is careless about his wife and family, his wife Carteria take care all the housework, he has been two month did not go home , he was on a business trip, when he arrived at home, Carteria is not at home , he look at his watch , it is already seven pm, Carteria should be at home with diner really. He makes a phone call to his wife, but no one pick up. He grap a buttle of water sit on sofa turn on the TV wait his wife to come home. he is tired from the work. Eventually he fall in sleep on sofa. When he wake up it already ten am at morning and he realize Carteria has not come home. He start to worry about her, keep calling her but no one pick up the phone. It was never happen befor, he try to find any number relate to Carteria,except her number he can not find anything, all the number are about his work, what is happen to her, he start nerves. He never care about her like that. He just tell himself she is going to be ok, she may just hang out with some friend, and forget about time, because Peter is not with her all the time, maybe she just feel longly sometime. All he has to do just be patience wait. He decide to sit on sofa to release his nerves, at same time he turn on the TV, he peer at photo just on the TV stander, he never know there is a photo. The picture is he and Carteria with lovely smile on the park. A news attract his attention, it is a car accident happen on a few block a way from his home yesterday. â€Å"Oh no no no, not her† Peter say . â€Å"A 42 years old man die in the accident† he shut off the TV and say â€Å"thanks god it is not happen her† he feels so release, he take out photo album and look at it. It remind his good memory with Carteria. He has been long time did not go out with his wife. Now he think about when she come back, he going to have a trip with her. Suddenly the door is open Carteria come back, Peter stand up from sofa and walk to the door, look at her with a happy face, he wants to say happy to see you again, but he does not finish what he say, because Carteria s face looks so sad something bad happen to her and the face can tell she has been cry, the tear still on her eyes. Then Peter just say â€Å"Hi what is happen to you† he does not answer it. She just take off her shoes, â€Å"where have you been ? † Peter say, she does not even look at him and walk straight to the room lock the door. Peter can hear Carteria is crying so hard in the room. Peter has no idear what is going on. He knock the door â€Å"what is happen to you† Peter ask, she does not answer it. Peter sits beside the door, wait when she gets better come out and ask her what happen about her. How long has she cry, peter can not remember Carterian come out ,she still does not talk to peter. She gets in to the car, peter sit beside her. Carteria drive the car. Finally they arrived at a funeral, â€Å"whom funeral is that† say peter. The most of member are his family and friends. When they walk close, Peter shock by the funeral. That is his own funeral, his name on the tombstone. Carteria cry again. Flash back Peter suddenly remember the car accident happen a few blocks a way from his home. It is he on his way go home hit by a car, and Carteria spend all night with him. He does not know she love him so much, but right now he has no chance to love her back. Car Accident. (2016, Dec 14).

Object Oriented Programming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Object Oriented Programming - Research Paper Example The research paper "Object Oriented Programming" talks about main concepts and principles of the object oriented programming paradigm and about its application to computer software or computer applications design. In OOP, the represented objects have specific data fields such as rows and columns in the design of databases. These fields are used in OPP as characteristics of an object that is presented through a programming language with object oriented attributes. In addition, objects within object oriented programming are represented via specified methods or procedures which are used to ensure that these objects are orderly and consistent depending on the purpose of the design or programming. When programmers design computer software or computer applications, they achieve this by methods which cause objects to relate or interact with one another. Each object in this form of interaction is referred to as an instance of a particular class of objects. Classes in OOP represent concepts. For example â€Å"Girl† is a class within which the aforementioned objects fall. This illustrates that a class is used to capture the properties that are shared by objects in the process of object oriented programming. Therefore, classes are normally instantiated from the objects that are represented by a program design. In OOP, classes are visible within the source code of the program and this code is normally not duplicated. Also objects play the role of activating a program that is currently running as a result they occupy memory locations. Furthermore, a set of operations as presented within the class are owned by objects which means that objects in OOP own a copy of specific data that is held within the program. When a specific class within a program is a subtype of another higher level or general class, the subtype class in OOP is said to be inherited from the general class (Hadar and Uri 43). The subclass therefore inherits both member functions and the data members of the base class. In object oriented programming, inheritance particularly refers to the method of reusing a specific code that is held by various objects with an aim of establishing a lower level or subtype class below a general class. The creation of subtypes however depends on the supporting platform of the programming language that is used to design or program the application. The general classes in inheritance are referred to as base classes and it is from these classes that the subtype classes inherit various attributes. Base classes are also referred to as parent classes or super classes (Pefkaros 219). The subclasses that are derived from the parent classes are therefore referred to as child classes or derived classes. This illustrates that the patent and child classes are related within a structure which leads to a hierarchy. Encapsulation is a concept and principle in object oriented programming in which the designer of a program hides the manner in which an object behaves from the approach of implementation. Encapsulation also includes separation of the looks of an object or it appearance from the methods through which its behavior is implemented. Encapsulation emanates from the fact that objects within a program have well defined interfaces (Ramsin and Richard 31). These are the publicly accessible methods and fields. Therefore when information about objects is hidden below or behind a specific interface, it is then said that the design of a program has implemented encapsulation. This situation is also referred to as information hiding. It therefore is notable that in object oriented programming, programmers use interfaces as the most effective way through which behavior of objects are

Is the French ban on headscarves (al-hijab) in schools a good idea Research Paper

Is the French ban on headscarves (al-hijab) in schools a good idea - Research Paper Example During the period of 2004, the government of France passed a legislation that disallowed individuals from wearing and using any religious symbol in public schools (Hrw.org 1)1. This move made by the French government has been opposed as well as supported by Muslim and non-Muslim populations France. Around 80% of the people living in France have the ban on hijab (Coleman 1)2. Banning of Hijab is a good idea because The ban on headscarf levied by the government of France is correct because such legislation is consistent with the laws and regulations of human rights. The article 18 of human rights law states that individuals should only be allowed to freely practice their religion if their practice does not coerce or leads to public’s feeling of insecurity (Minorityrights.org 1)3. Recently, Muslims have been majorly held responsible for conducting acts of terrorism and due to this the public has started feeling insecure due to the presence of Muslims around them. Individuals even experience fear and mental torture when they see a Muslim female wearing a headscarf in the public. This fear of hijab is recognized as Islamophobia and islamophobia is infringing upon the rights of the student population of France to freely move around without the fear of being attacked (Crg.berkeley.edu 1)4. Since headscarf infringes upon other’s right of living a life without fear, headscarf’s ar e against the rules and regulations of human rights and should be continued to be banned in French schools. Another reason due to which France was correct in banning hijab in public schools was to protect the female Muslim student population from being coerced and discriminated against. Since the terrorist attacks of 9/11 Muslims have been heavily discriminated against throughout the world. They are discriminated in organizations, schools as well as in public. They have been beaten up and pushed around in different settings.

Effects of Industrial Revolution in the World Essay Example for Free

Effects of Industrial Revolution in the World Essay Industrial Revolution [pic] In the 1700s, the world was on the verge of a great change – the industrial revolution. By the end of the eighteenth century, the industrial revolution was well under way in England and would spread to the rest of Europe, the United States, and Japan during the next hundred years. Before the industrial revolution, Europe and the rest of the world were rural societies. Over three quarters of the population lived on farms, and in the busiest of countries only a few hundred thousand out of several million lived in towns and cities. Tools and the few machines that existed then were made mostly from wood. European products were handmade and the power to operate these tools came from human muscles. The only other available power sources were wind and water, but the use of wind and water-powered machinery was restricted to places where the wind and water power was reliable. Therefore, what’s known as the domestic system was used. The domestic system is a form of manufacturing in which goods were produced in the homes, either alone or in very small groups. A few industries used simple factories, single-room buildings or workshops for the manufacture of luxury goods, such as cloth and the production on certain military weapons. â€Å"This world of cottage industries and wooden tools was about to be transformed. After the industrial revolution, only traces of this former existence would remain. † (Corrick, 12) The industrial revolution began in eighteenth-century England. England had money and natural resources, but most importantly, people. The industrial revolution required both workers and consumers. England had a population boom in the 1700s due to cured diseases, healthier childbirths, and more and better food. Economic historian Phyllis Deane says, â€Å"Without the rising demand for goods†¦which reflected†¦the growth of population, there would have been less incentive for British producers to expand†¦and hence some of the dynamism which powered the industrial revolution would have been lost. † (Corrick, 18) With the growth of population came the demand for goods and the need for better, easier, and cheaper ways to make these goods. England also had a natural abundance of iron and coal. Iron became increasingly important because it was a common building material and an essential factor in the development of mechanical production. With England’s jagged coastline, which provided excellent natural harbors, iron became a major export. In addition to people, natural resources, and inventions, money was needed to start the industrial revolution. England had roads, banks, insurance brokers, and all the things needed to open a business. Rich English traders were more than eager to put their wealth to work and invest in English industry. England had all the factors of production and was the ideal region for the start of the industrial revolution. Another great English industry aside from iron production was the textile industry. â€Å"The export of cloth accounted for about a third of all English trade, both at home and abroad. † (Corrick, 20) In 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle. When added to the regular hand loom, a single weaver was able to work the loom. Even though the weaving was still done by hand, it went faster and weavers turned out cloth much more rapidly. Following the invention of the flying shuttle were James Hargreaves and his spinning jenny, Richard Arkwright and the water frame, Samuel Crompton and Crompton’s mule, and probably most importantly, James Watt and the steam engine. With the ending of Watt’s patents, other inventors were able to make the steam engine more powerful and find more uses for it. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution played an important role in England. New and larger factories were filling the English landscape. In the meanwhile, the revolution began to spread: first to Western Europe, then all over the world. Although England was the center of the revolution, France had its fair share of inventors. Nicolas-Louis Robert developed a machine that turned out paper in long rolls, Claude-Louis Berthollet invented chlorine bleaching of linen, and Joseph-Marie Jacquard built a machine that was able to pattern cloth with elaborate designs. Despite these new inventions, most technology was still found in England, so Europeans were drawn to England to study the new machines. England tried to stop it by passing laws banning the export of technology, but they couldn’t stop the technology transfer from England to the rest of Europe. When Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France, it became more difficult for the industrial revolution to come to continue spreading in France. Although Napoleon promoted modernization of the French textile industry, England was soon at war with Napoleon and established a naval blockade of Europe. The blockade cut off French manufacturers from raw materials normally imported from England. Once Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, France began modernizing industry with illegally bought British equipment and imported English workers. However, unlike England whose iron production played an important role in industry, â€Å"French industry instead concentrated on a ‘lighter’ type of manufacturing, particularly the luxury trade. † (Corrick, 35) The French specialized in printing designs onto cotton cloth and also got into the manufacturing of furniture. Germany also had a hard time industrializing. Germany was not a unified country and the independent states were separated by religion, currency, and even viewed each other as economic rivals. â€Å"They discourage emigration and levied custom duties†¦not only on goods entering from other states but even on trade between towns and cities within the same state. † (Corrick, 36) There were many economic barriers between the German territories. One German state, Prussia, played a major role in bringing industry to Germany. Prussia joined with a number of states to form the Zollverein. They didn’t charge customs and allowed goods to go freely though their territories. The other states were at an economic disadvantage and joined the Zollverein. Now manufacturers were able to move in and set up factories within the union’s boundaries. Prussia also helped remove serfs and guilds, which were both standing in the way of industry. Now that serfs were no longer bound to their landlord’s farms, Germany was exposed to an important amount of capable industrial workers. In1810, Prussia enacted a law that opened manufacturing to guild and non-guild members, Other German states followed Prussia’s lead and by the 1830s, many obstacles to German industrialization were down. The industrial revolution didn’t stay in Europe. It eventually spread to the United States and Japan as well. Unlike most countries, Japan was extremely resistant to industry. Japan had a strict policy of isolation from the rest of the world. The rulers of Japan, or the shoguns, thought of the rest of the world as barbarians, and didn’t want corrupt foreign ideas to pollute Japanese society. For that reason, the Japanese lacked all modern technology, and it was for that same reason that July 8, 1853 marked one of the greatest turning points in Japanese history. On that day, US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Edo Bay with orders from President Millard Fillmore the Japanese to open Japan to the outside world, even if using force was necessary. The Tokugawa shogunate was in charge of Japan at the time and the government attempted to show the strength of Japan’s military, but Commodore Perry was well aware that his military advantage was superior. Eventually the Tokugawa realized that their forces are no match for the American military might, so in 1854 Japan gave in and signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US. Once Japan was open to the US, there was no way to close it. Japan in due course signed treaties with England, Russia, and Holland. The stage was now set for revolution in Japan, leading to the Meiji Restoration, and ultimately to the beginning of industry. Japanese daimyos launched a brief rebellion and were able to overthrow the Tokugawa. â€Å"Rather than submit to the same fate (as Korea, China, and other East Asian islands being dominated by the West), Japanese leaders decided on a bold and unprecedented strategy†¦to initiate a massive modernization program†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nardo, 21) They believed that there was no other way for Japan to become a great independent nation, and through odernization Japan could be militarily and economically equal to the Western powers. The newly empowered Meiji made a major change – industrialization. He sent young upperclassmen to Europe and America to learn engineering, economics, and military science. Every year he ordered the construction of new railroads, steamships, ports, and canals. Huge corporations now dominated the economic landscape. Industrialization arose in Western European countries because they desired it. People always wanted more, and they wanted it fast. France saw British success and wanted it. German states such as Prussia saw the British success and wanted it. That was the difference between industrialization in Europe and industrialization in Japan: Japan didn’t want it. Japan was determined to stay isolated as long as possible and only rose to the challenge of industrialization because they realized the dangers of not industrializing. The Japanese were too proud to be economically and militarily less superior to the rest of the world. The industrial revolution was a major turning point in world history.

The Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action Essay -- Pro Con Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action has been the topic of debate for many years. It has been controversial because it has been said to be a form of reverse discrimination. This paper will discuss the purpose behind affirmative action, as well as, its various strengths and weaknesses. Also, this paper will look at the following issues surrounding affirmative action such as the incompetency myth ( are companies hiring less qualified people?), the impact on employment (what has changed in the work place?), the impact on women (how have their lives changed?) and the impact on employment law (what documents back up affirmative action?). Lastly, a discussion of affirmative action on an international scale, and what international documents have to say about the topic. The purpose of this paper is to bring to light all the issues, and then make an educated statement of whether affirmative action is a worthwhile activity or if there is a better solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action or positive discrimination can be defined as providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against. This consists of preferential access to education, employment, health care, or social welfare. In employment, affirmative action may also be known as employment equity. Affirmative action requires that institutions increase hiring and promotion of candidates of mandated groups. (Rubenfeld, 1997, p. 429)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose ofAffirmative Action is a simple one, it exists to level the playing field, so to speak, in the areas of hiring and college admissions based on characteristics that usually include race, sex, and/or ethnicity. A certain minority group or gender may be underrepresented in an arena, often employment or academia, in theory due to past or ongoing discrimination against members of the group. In such a circumstance, one school of thought maintains that unless this group is concretely helped to achieve a more substantial representation, it will have difficulty gaining the critical mass and acceptance in that role, even if overt discrimination against the group is eradicated. For this reason, more effort must be made to recruit persons from that background, train them, and lower the entrance requirements for them. (Goldman, 1976, p. 179) Proponents of affirmative action argue that affirmative action is the best way to corre... ...of Management Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, 603-625. Holzer, Harry J.& David Neumark. (Jan. 2000) What Does Affirmative Action Do? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 2, 240-271. Holzer, Harry J.& David Neumark. (Sept. 2000) Assessing Affirmative Action Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 38, No. 3, 483-568. Leonard, Jonathan S. (1989) Women and Affirmative Action The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 3, No. 1, 61-75. Lockheed, Marlaine. (1998) International Perspectives on Affirmative Action in the 1990s Educational Researcher, Vol. 27, No. 9, 6-7. Loeb, Jane W, Marianne A. Ferber & Helen M. Lowry. (1978) The Effectiveness of Affirmative Action for Women The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 49,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No. 3, 218-230. Nacoste, Rupert W. (1987) Affirmative Action in American Politics: Strength or Weakness? Political Behavior, Vol. 9, No. 4, 291-304. Reed, Rodney J. (1983) Affirmative Action in Higher Education: Is It Necessary? The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 52, No. 3, Persistent and Emergent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal Issues in Education: 1983 Yearbook, 332-349. Rubenfeld, Jed. (1997) Affirmative Action The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 107, No. 2, 427-472.

Literary Merit Essay Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s plays have long been regarded as works of literary merit due to their complexity and thematic depth, as well as their universal appeal and ability to stand the test of time. One of Shakespeare’s most renowned plays, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, subsequently referred to as Hamlet, is an ideal example as it satisfies the requirements of literary works of merit. Complexity is a characteristic of literary merit found in Shakespeare’s works, and most evidently, in his characters. Hamlet, for example, is considered to be the epitome of complex characters, as he displays many layers throughout the play.It’s obvious that this tragic character is indecisive and unsure at times, including when he contemplates suicide, in his relationship with women, and when to kill his uncle, King Claudius. For example, in Act Two, Scene Two, Polonius, advisor to Claudius, reads aloud a love letter written by Hamlet to Ophelia, his supposed love i nterest. In this letter, Hamlet declares his love for Ophelia, and tells her never to doubt his love. However, when talking personally to Ophelia in the next act, Hamlet tells her that he never loved her.Yet, at Ophelia’s funeral in the final act of the play, Hamlet tells the attendees that he had more love for Ophelia than does forty thousand brothers for each other. This happens to be one of many examples of Hamlet’s complexity, mostly due to his â€Å"feigning† of madness throughout the vast majority of the play. This characteristic of complex characters is one reason why Shakespeare’s works are considered to be of literary merit. Another characteristic of literary merit that Shakespeare’s works display is thematic depth, especially in Hamlet. A major theme in this tragedy is that of revenge, which can be seen frequently throughout the play.There is the obvious plot of revenge in the play as Hamlet tries to avenge Claudius of King Hamlet’ s death. There exist two other plots as Laertes attempts to avenge Polonius’ and Ophelia’s deaths, as well as Prince Fortinbras avenging his father’s death. A thematic depth is composed as these three separate scenarios are woven together, calling the value and necessity of revenge into question. Another prominent theme in Hamlet is death. From the appearance of the dead King Hamlet’s ghost in the opening scene to the carnage of the final scene, the knowledge of life and the mystery of death are examined.Hamlet’s â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy is a perfect illustration as he ponders over the idea of suicide. Because Shakespeare is able to bring up discussion and call certain ideas into question with such themes, his works are thematically deeper, making them of literary merit. Despite having been composed over four hundred years ago, William Shakespeare’s plays have stood the test of time and have proven valuable in many academic fields, other than English. The cause of this is Shakespeare’s ability to provide insight into the human condition, as well as his ability to include universal themes in his plays, so as to gain more appeal.Shakespeare’s plays explore ideas that are prevalent in the human condition, such as vengeance, romance, and jealousy, which creates universal appeal and paves the way for the analysis of the human condition in the sub-fields of humanities: psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. In the case of Sigmund Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, his The Interpretation of Dreams, explores the foundation of Hamlet on the Oedipus Tyrannus (Oedipus Rex). Freud explains that Hamlet’s hesitation at avenging his uncle is due to the repression of his subconscious desires.Another example of this cross-curricular analysis of Shakespeare’s works can be seen in Laura Bohannan’s essay, â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush,† in which Bohannan attempts to tell the story of Hamlet to a group of Nigerian villagers. This essay, along with Hamlet is used by students of both anthropology and linguistics as a way of understanding the effects of perspective on one’s perception and expectations. Therefore, because Shakespeare’s works have stood the test of time, and continue to be valued in many academic fields, his works are of literary merit.Ultimately, William Shakespeare’s works, specifically Hamlet, have all demonstrated their literary merit because of their complexity and thematic depth, along with their value and ability to stand the test of time. Works Cited Bohannan, Laura. Shakespeare in the Bush. Print. Freud, Sigmund, A. A. Brill, Daniel T. O'Hara, and Gina Masucci MacKenzie. The Interpretation of Dreams. New York: Barnes ; Noble Classics, 2005. Print. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York, NY, USA: Washington Square, 1992. Print.

Mixed Economy

This paper is to be submitted to Mr. Booker as an assignment. It essentially focuses on two questions: a) How does the free market deal with the fundamental question of micro-economics? b) What problems are posed by merit, demerit and public goods? Fundamental question of micro-economics So, first, what is economics? According to Paul A. Samuelson, economics is â€Å"the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people. † Very briefly, we may summarise that economics is the study of how people choose to use resources. The economic problem is said to arise when we have scare resources to satisfy our unlimited wants. As a result of this problem, which is sometimes called the problem of scarcity, choices have to be made over the following points: 1. What to produce? A classic question here that we often heard of is â€Å"Butter or cannon? † Should an economy produce more consumer goods, e. g. TVs, which can immediately raise people’s living standards, or put more resources into produce more machinery that would enhance the economy’s production capability in the long run? How to strike a balance over the quantities of diffident goods are going to be produced is well worth considering for the decision-makers. 2. How to produce? Generally, what we expect the market going to do is to obtain maximum use out of resources available. This is obvious, but some other issues besides purely economic concerns also should be considered. For example, even though we could produce more goods by forcing labours to accept longer working-hours; this is not something we should do, since there exists moral objections. So, the decision to maximise output and satisfy more wants would need to consider the full impact on the environment and any potential long-term health risks. 3. For whom to produce Though, on the surface, almost all the countries agree that the wealth allocating system in an economy should be â€Å"fair† for both the poor and the better off; in fact, there are some attempts to create a more egalitarian society through policies that re-distribute wealth and income society from the rich to the poor in some capitalism countries, but they are merely self-deceiving, from my point of view. The reason is quite straightforward: the powerful capitalists are the very people who actually operate the political machine in capitalism countries; never would they enact laws which may deprive them of their wealth, would they? (Pardon me for holding such an â€Å"extreme† opinion, Mr. Booker, but I have to be honest! ) Factors of production Now, in the next two pages, let’s sort out four types of resources involved in a production process, known as factors of production: i) Land. In economics, land refers to all natural resources, which can either be renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources are replaced automatically by nature and so can be used on a continual basis, e. g. rivers; non-renewable resources, in contrast, are not automatically replaced, e. g. fossil fuels. Land is probably the most occupationally mobile of economic resources. However, land is absolutely geographically mobile- we can never move land from Suzhou to Suzhou! ii) Labour Labours are th e people who actually working in a production process. Labours are often not occupationally and geographically mobile due to a series of reasons, e. g. lack of skills or reluctance to accept a higher house price in another place. iii) Enterprise or entrepreneurship An entrepreneur is someone who put the other three resources together into production. Two functions that this factor carries out: a) To organise the other economic resources. b) To take risks involved in the production. Some risks, including fire, theft and flood, can be insured against but others, like costs of production rising, tastes changing, cannot. The entrepreneur is considered as the most mobile of economic resources. They are usually versatile. For example, an entrepreneur who is organising the production of a shoes manufacturing factory is very like to have the ability to run a clothes-making firm; they are also often willing to move from one area to another, since they are always seeking the place where they can make the most profit! iv) Capital goods Capital goods which may be also called producer goods are any man-made aids to production, e. g. ffices, warehouses or a printer. Most machines, equipment and processed raw materials are geographically mobile, even there may involve extra transportation cost, but goods such as factories, offices are not. Many specialised machines e. g. sausage machines are occupationally immobile; while others which are of general use, like a printer, can be occupationally mobile. Economic systems There mainly exist three kinds of economies, the command economy, the free market economy and th e mixed economy. 1. The free market economy In a free market economy decisions on how resources are to be allocated are taken by households and firms. The key point is that they interact as buyers and sellers in the market for goods and services. Prices act to indicate the likely market value of particular resources. Figure 1: A Circular Flow Diagram of a Free Market Economy Many economists believe that in a free market economy, the price system is an â€Å"invisible hand†, which brings together private and social interests in a harmonious way and the government is of no need to intervene the conomic activities; this is the fundamental philosophy underpinning the workings of the market economy. However, in my opinion, even though the markets can play a very important role to a great extent, the government need to intervene in order to obtain a sustainable, continuous economic growth. A best example could be U. S. , which was proud of having the most characters of the free market economy, is now in a great hurry to natio nalise AIG and many other banks in the economic crisis.

Diet vs. Regular Soda Density Lab essays

Diet vs. Regular Soda Density Lab essays This lab is being done to see if there is a difference between the density (the quantity of something per unit measure, especially per unit length, area, or volume) of regular and diet soda is the same. We tested this and found the results to be the same for both the diet and the regular soda. Coca-Cola When opening point away from yourself and others. Dont drink too much. Diet Coca-Cola When opening point away from yourself and others. Dont drink too much. i. Regular soda Pour down the drain. Do not drink. ii. Diet soda Pour down the drain. Do not drink. i. Gather all materials (see materials and equipment section) ii. Weigh the 100mL beaker in the electronic balance; write this number on a piece of paper iii. Measure out 5mL of regular soda in the 10mL graduated cylinder; pour this into the 100mL beaker and weigh it in the electronic balance. iv. Take the weight of the 5mL of regular soda and subtract it from the weight of the 100mL beaker. (The number you wrote on a piece of paper.) v. Repeat steps 3 vi. Repeat steps 3-5 to get second trial. vii. Measure out 5mL of diet soda in the 10mL graduated cylinder; pour this into the 100mL beaker and weigh it in the electronic balance. viii. Take the weight of the 5mL of diet soda and subtract it from the weight of the 100mL beaker. (The number you wrote on a piece of paper.) ix. Repeat steps 3 ...

Leadersip , effective leaders what makes them effective Research Paper

Leadersip , effective leaders what makes them effective - Research Paper Example The research paper explores the phenomena of leadership, an intriguing subject that has attracted much attention of researchers and scholars of every age. It is undoubted that leadership is one of the most researched upon subject in the history of mankind and literature available on the topic is extensive in nature with variance in each theory and philosophy. For the purpose of simplicity this research would only focus on the attributes or practices that make a leader effective and inspirational. The domain considered for this research is the business arena, excluding political, public or social leadership. The analysis or research methodology for this endeavor is based on explorative approach where management books, articles from reliable sources and peer reviewed journals would be considered. The purpose of this research is to explore and understand the recent trends in leadership and the attributes that make a leader effective, comparing popular literature with real life leaders s erving their organizations. According to Stephen R. Covey (2003), highly effective people have seven habits that make them great leaders. These habits essentially point towards the attributes possessed by great leaders of modern post industrial revolution or knowledge based economy. The first habit, being proactive indicates that effective leaders take initiatives, make decisions and own the consequences of decisions made. The second habit or attribute defined by Covey (2003) is the ability to predict the future, devise a vision and a mission statement by self discovery with alignment to values and principals inherent in the leaders beliefs and faced scenario that bring success to the group. The third attribute of putting first things first, emphasize on the planning skills of leaders, prioritizing the most important issues while keeping check the principals and

History vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History vietnam war - Essay Example His sole aim was to free the country from the foreign occupation. His headquarters were in a cave in northern Vietnam. He gained popular support soon, and on 2-9-1945, he declared the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government named as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The French fought back, with determination to retain the territory. Ho was with the US in the initial stages for strategic reasons. He supplied intelligence input to them about the Japanese during World War II. He wanted the US support against the French. But to challenge and contain the spread of Communism was the main goal of the US, as part of its international policy. So Ho’s strategy to get aligned with US, did not work, as US feared about the Communist influence on Vietnam. It supported the French. It sent military aid to the France to defeat Ho in the year 1950. In 1954, the French suffered a massive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, and decided to pullout from the soil of Vietnam. The ceasefi re would follow the temporary division of Vietnam, amongst the communist and non-communist supporters. A general election would be held in 1956 to reunite the country and bring it under one government.

The Importance of Business Processes in Delivering Outcomes Essay

The Importance of Business Processes in Delivering Outcomes - Essay Example Depending on which industry an organization belongs, a business will provide needs that are products, services, or both. The usual end goals are: (1) profits for the Stakeholders; (2) customer satisfaction for the people who buy company products or avail of company services; (3) good management of employees; (4) skillful allocation, disposition, and maintenance of assets like cash, receivables, inventories, supplies, furniture, building, equipment, and vehicles; (5) wise sourcing of funds and timely payments of liabilities; (6) compliance with government regulations, specially the proper accounting and payment of taxes, permits, and other fees. (7) And for large corporations listed in the stock exchange, potential investors as well as existing investors also require that value of a company’s stock (otherwise known as Stock Value) has been increasing comparatively better than that of the competitors’ Stock Value. (8) All these have to be realized while the separate entity, be it a single proprietor, partnership, or corporation, is mindful of its social responsibilities for the community and the country wherein it belongs. (9) Finally, every business is expected to grow and to become stable. It also means resiliency to economic downturns. In the case of Quick Fit Furniture Co., the objectives revealed were the sales increase of 10% from the past year and the (2) implied need to improve the human relationship of its workforce between departments. II. Business Processes Have To Be Controlled In order to achieve all those goals, the Board of Directors, Top Executives, and the other Managers must be familiar with strategic ways by which goals can be accomplished. They have to be aware of the business processes from within and the external environment affecting those business processes. Moreover, resources allocated within each of them have to be controlled and directed towards arriving at desired outcome or results. From a general point of view, what business entrepreneurs and executives must do is to marshal the allocated resources within each process so that the output will contribute to the achievement of the ultimate goals. A diagram should clarify this concept. What are the business processes then ? According to Harvard Business School Press (2010, p. 4), â€Å"Technically, a business process is the set of steps a business performs to create value for customers. A process consists of three basic components: Inputs†¦Activities†¦Outputs.† The same book admits that â€Å"every organization contains large amounts of business processes† (p. 6). From the time a business is conceived, the processes of planning, organizing, directing, communicating, controlling, evaluating, and improving resources in all divisions and departments of the organization will continue to be ongoing. There are many activities taken in order to get things done. What will guide the implementation of plans are the objectives leading to the accomplishment of goals. As a matter of fact, every person working within the business has a corresponding set of activities called the duties and resp onsibilities defined and meant to meet specific needs to serve the interest of an entire organization. Let us take some examples. Under the Administrative Department, there are usually the following: recruitment activities, training and development activities, and personnel files record keeping activities, performance evaluation, and so on. Each of the activities have to meet certain standards. A company cannot just hire anybody to fill a position. Thus, during recruitment, testing activities and interviews are usually done. The most qualified personnel are chosen based on the criteria specified by the Department which requested for the hiring of personnel. For the Finance Department, some people with background in Accounting and/or Finance would have to be found. The activities they perform will be

Analysis of Paediatric Gastroenteritis Case Study

Analysis of Paediatric Gastroenteritis - Case Study Example   It shall consider the case of Kane, who is a young boy presenting to the emergency department with his parents. Upon admission, the records establish that Kane is a four-year-old male child who has been suffering for 24 hours (prior to consultation) from diarrhea and vomiting. He is also: pale with peripheral warmth; with RR of 30/min (without wheezing on auscultation); HR of 140/min at rest; temperature of 39.4 degrees Celsius; with the dry tongue; tearfulness; lethargy; and with weight at 15.4 kg. He has mild intermittent asthma managed with salbutamol. Parents express that the child has been vomiting sporadically, is not able to keep fluids down, and refuses to drink. He also has had four episodes of watery offensive stool in the last 12 hours PTC. The physician diagnosed the child with possible gastroenteritis, and the plan of care was to try fluids orally if tolerated and if not, to consider IV cannula. The child was admitted to the children’s ward and scheduled for r eassessment after 12 hours. This study shall now consider two clinical guidelines related to pediatric gastroenteritis. ... Australian sources were excluded in the search. Literature which matched the current case was reviewed and the specific journal was chosen based on relevance, reliability, and validity. Immediate Priorities for Kane’s care: To assess and manage the patient’s level of dehydration To reduce or totally end his diarrhoea and vomiting Plan and intervention for patient’s care Assessment and management of patient’s level of dehydration Based on the NSW Clinical Guidelines, the assessment of patient’s level of dehydration is based on three levels: mild, moderate, and severe. The care of the dehydrated patient subsequently follows based on the level of dehydration. Based on the patient’s symptoms, Kane is moderately dehydrated based on his following symptoms: elevated heart rate, elevated breath rate, pallor, dry mucous membrane, and lethargy (NSW Health, 2010, p. 7). These are all symptoms which signal moderate dehydration. The replacement fluid rate shall, therefore, be nasogastric therapy: one Oral Rehydration Solution (Gastrolyte); or it may be intravenous through (rapid or standard speed). The IV shall be 0.9% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose or 0.9% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose or 0.45% NaCl + 2.5% Glucose (NSW Health, 2010, p. 7). The Canadian Clinical Guidelines presented with slightly different details. Firstly, the child is also moderately dehydrated under these guidelines as assessed from the child’s exhibited symptoms, including dry mucous membrane, elevated heart rate, and lethargy (Gysler, 2011, p. 3).  Ã‚  

The Development of a Moral Character

The Development of a Moral Character A Virtuous Moral Character The development of a moral character is an intellectual topic that has been argued for many years. Many philosophers have argued the point of their existence with the perplexity of this subject. This has allowed the philosophers to approach this topic in various ways. These philosophers are Aristotle (in the Nicomachean Ethics), Confucius (in Analects) and Plato (in Apology, Phaedo). To analyze these philosophers critically, it is important to evaluate their perspective arguments and what they are trying to say. After initializing compare and contrast of these philosophers, we will be in the position of establishing up to what they agree or disagree regarding the development of a moral character. A moral character is defined as an idea in which one is unique and can be distinguished from others. Perhaps it can assemble qualities and traits that are different from various individuals. It implies to how individuals act, or how they express themselves. In another words, it is â€Å"human excellence,† or unique thoughts of a character. When the concept of virtue is spoken, this would emphasize the distinctiveness or specialty, but it all involves the combination of qualities that make an individual the way he or she is. Based on this definition, the insight of a moral character can be viewed differently. Although these philosophers diverge with their arguments, they in some sense have similarities. These similarities will show how the matter of a character is important and crucial to the human nature. Nicomachean Ethnics is a remarkable work written in 350 B.C by Aristotle. His work was focused on the importance of development and behavior among virtuous characters. Aristotle clarified the importance of ethnical behavior, and how actions play a role in which an individual performs. â€Å"Eudaimonia,† is relative to the how a moral character develops. It is an end in itself. Aristotle argued that it was known as a goal of a healthy life. Aristotle is among the philosophers whom gave a great insight of a virtuous character. He states, â€Å"Excellence [of character], then, is a state concerned with choice, lying in a mean relative to us, this being determined by reason and in the way in which the man of practical wisdom would determine it. Now it is a mean between two vices, which depends on excess and that which depend on defect.† A character is a state, whereas, the actions determine the way the person acts. A virtuous character is not a feeling or mere tendency to behave in a certain way. Aristotle makes an argument about different virtues. Virtues relate to the feelings and actions from each individual. For example, the virtue of a relaxed person may be clarified with bad temper. Furthermore, Aristotle argued that people get angry at certain things and redundantly stepping up to what he or she thinks is right. On the other hand, as Aristotle states, the deficient of this character is harsh and unacceptable. Regardless of any situation, it is inappropriate to become angry when it is not worth it. If doing so, the again indicates a deficient non-virtuous moral character. Aristotle also refers to any non-virtuous person by inner doubt and predicaments. Even though the person may be single-minded or thoughtless, he or she must be able to look out for companions to forgive their actions. Aristotle argues that these vicious people are not able to believe in themselves. On the other hand, virtuous individuals, gain pleasure in their actions. â€Å"For in speaking about a man’s character we do not say that he is wise or has understanding but that he is good-tempered or temperate yet we praise the wise man also with respect to his fate of mind; and of states of mind we call those which merit praise virtues.† (Nicomachean Ethics 13). Aristotle’s positions seems to conflict with Plato’s philosophy. Plato will later argued that incontinence occurs when a person’s desires move him to progress or act in the way that he or she wants to perform. However, we will discuss this later on. Confucius is another prominent figure that has been relative to the modern development of a moral character. Confucius spends many years thinking about the concepts of human kindness and the development of a character. His teachings were basically full of ethnics on human behaviors. He spoke more on the kindness of human rather than spiritual concepts. While concentrating on his ethics, Confucius was famous for insisting things with a name. In another words, Confucius argued that things must be clear to one’s mind in order to function properly in an environment. The Analects written by Confucius notes the notions of virtue and the righteous of human kindness and the way to successful humanity. In XV.8 of the Analects, Confucius states, â€Å"The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of humanity. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their humanity. â€Å"Confucius argues that the life of an indiviudal is to protect oneâ€⠄¢s virtue. The acts of that individual must be preserved to act to the good. Another saying that substantiate Confucius argument is IV.25 (Eastern), it states, â€Å"Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practices it will have neighbors.† However, in the western philosophical view, Aristotle argues that the view of virtuous activity reveals how the person contributes to a great life. Actions are important when one live peacefully with another. For example, patriotism comes into mind when it comes to America. Over the years, soldiers have been remembered for their heroism. Therefore, the soldiers are fighting for what they believe to be their honor, yet they are putting his or her life in danger. Confucius continues to seek for knowledge. He seems to be very petty, clannish, and small-minded. Furthermore, he can be worldly, studious and humane. This can be consistent with Plato’s views. Most societies and culture strives for goodness, and leaders have his or her basic commonalities for personal behavior, which can be seen in VI. 28. This saying compares to Socrates. Confucius, too, wants to spread the wisdom to everyone. He wants everyone to be well, not just himself. Lastly, another prominent figure in the world of philosophy is Plato. Plato’s writings such as Apology demonstrate dramatic accounts of the events leading to his death, as well as illustrating matters of concerns, ethical living, and clarity of thought and expression. â€Å"Apology† means â€Å"legal defense of trial.† Plato offers to discuss about the defense of philosophy as a way of life. A soul is part of a life, whereas, the soul determines the things we do everyday. Phaedo illustrates important arguments for personal immortality. In Phaedo, Plato argued that the soul is â€Å"something†, rather than a sense of â€Å"harmony.† Unlike harmony, the soul exists, which is more active than others. Souls are more virtuous, which harmony does not pertain to. Soul pre-exists which harmony does not. On the other hand, if soul is in a group of harmony, all souls would be too, which is not possible. Therefore, soul is a sort of material, which is much enhanced than harmony. Another argument that Plato makes can be seen in the â€Å"Republic.† He argued that the soul is divided in three parts, and each part is a kind of desire. Respectively, these desires are rational, appetitive, or spirited. To be virtuous one must un derstand what is the beneficial. He or she must have the spirited desires to be educated properly, which will eventually lead to the protection from the soul. Plato illustrates the education of the soul in Books II and III. Importantly, a virtuous individual learns to live by a better environment when he is young, and moves on to create virtuous behaviors. His actions are developed while he is growing and learns why the thing he is doing is good. Once he has learned the good, then he would understand why his actions were virtuous. Looking back at Plato’s arguments, he argues that virtue simply indicates one to act in different ways. These philosophers disagree about having the correct motives. They are different in which the virtuous traits of a character differ from their desires and emotions. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle argued that the cognitive and affective states were important. . These philosophers agree that happiness links to virtue. They suggested everyone who is happy is one who is brave, restraint, and understanding. However, it is difficult to understand. Plato and Aristotle both agree that a positive moral character involves more than a Socrates’ understanding of the superior. Both agree that it is important to have harmony between the cognitive and the affective materials from a person. These philosophers have several comparisons. They agree that the good life of a human involves nature. Human beings look to the development of individual powers. Furthermore, they agree that human good involves corrective actions, and a person can guide his actions by the right decision, no matter of any obstacles ahead. After analyzing these philosophers and their arguments, I have concluded that Aristotle has the more compelling description for developing a moral character. Aristotle develops a greater in-depth argument for his points. He substantiates his points with passion and beauty. However, it requires strong concentration and a deeper understanding of what he is trying to say. In my opinion, I find Aristotle to be clearer, and more challenging. I also find that the more modern teachings of Aristotle to be more understanding than those of the Eastern teachings. Perhaps, these involve various concepts when Western teachings are involved. Aristotle contribute greatly to the many topics of philosophy, hence, his arguments are reliable which can be related to our daily lives. In summary, these philosophers provided intellectual arguments against the various ways of developing a virtuous character. Aristotle took his stand to argue that the actions contribute greatly to the way a character is. Prior to that, he clarifies how individuals act the way they speak or behave. Confucius in Analects exemplified the concept of how the environment acts upon the way the person interacts. Lastly, Plato illustrated the soul as a lead to the characters desires and wants. As part of examining our lives within these philosophies, I have come to the conclusion that Aristotle developed a greater and more apprehensive prescription of developing a virtuous moral character.

ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assay and other methods for the evaluation of antioxidants :: essays research papers

1. Introduction Most people know about antioxidants and belive in them as preventers against cell damage, which in the most severe case can cause cancer. Almost all nutritions contain a certain amount of antioxidant – both chemical and/or biological. To measure the activity and amount of the antioxidants present in a sample, some distinctive but easy assays have been established. This paper will give a short overview of the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance cacpacity) assay and compare it with other antioxidant assays. Besides that, the paper introduces some preliminary results on antioxidant activity of the plant Apocynum venetum conducted by the author. Fig. 1 on cover page from [9] Table of Contents 1. Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 2. The ORAC assay – a brief introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 3. Biochemical background of antioxidant activity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 4. Comparison of ORAC with other antioxidant activity assays  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 5. Results in current research  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 6. Discussion and conclusions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 2. The ORAC assay – a brief introduction 2.1 Theoretical background The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay is a method for measuring the total antioxidant activity in a biological sample. Biological samples include body fluids of animals and humans (serum, plasma, urine, saliva), plant extracts, agricultural and food products, and pharmaceutical products.[6] The advantage of the ORAC assay is the wide range of applications as it can be used for both lipophilic and hydrophilic samples and compounds. Besides measuring the total antioxidant capacity, the assay can also qualitatively measure the amount of fast versus slow acting antioxidants in a sample. The principle of the ORAC is based on the following scheme: Fig. 2: Principal order of the ORAC assay[10] The sample contains a certain amount of compounds with an antioxidant activity. In water soluble samples, fluorescein is used as the probe which is protected by the antioxidants.[3] After adding a certain amount of a free radical, the loss in fluorescence over time is measured until the whole fluorescence is eliminated and the scavenging activity of the antioxidant is vanished. By integrating the area under the kinetic curve relative to the blank, the concentration of all antioxidants present in the sample can be calculated. Trolox, a water soluble tocopherol derivative, is used as a standard to calculate the antioxidant activity of the sample in trolox equivalents (μmol TE/g). 2.2 Fluorescein reaction Fluorescein belongs to the group of triphenylmethane dyes with a xanthene structure. Its fluorescence is based on the oxygen withdrawing groups and the intermittend double bounds shifting the wavelength towards the visible light range. Radicals can distubr this structure and erase the fluorescence by destructing one aromatic ring structure as seen in the reaction scheme.

Spreadsheet and Monthly Worksheets

NEW PERSPECTIVES EXCEL 2010 TUTORIAL 6: ASSIGNMENT WINTER CREEK APARTMENTS PROJECT OVERVIEW W inter Creek Apartments manages large apartment complexes in four cities in the Midwest: Kansas City, Des Moines, Omaha, and St. Louis. At the corporate level, Gordon Rockwell uses Excel to summarize monthly maintenance expenses submitted by each complex manager. He asks you to total the maintenance costs of each apartment complex’ for each month, and then format each worksheet. Gordon also needs you to add another worksheet to calculate summary costs for each city and maintenance category.STUDENT START FILE Download Excel_T6_Data_File. xlsx from Moodle. Instructions 1. Open the file Excel_T6_Data_File. xlsx and save the file as T6_LastName_FirstName. xlsx before you move to the next step. Enter your name in cell B4 of the Documentation sheet. 2. Group the three monthly worksheets. For each month, calculate the maintenance category totals in the range B9:F9 and calculate the apartment complex totals in the range G5:G8. In cell G9, enter a grand total that adds up the amounts in range G5:G8. 3.Improve the look of the monthly worksheets by formatting the ranges A4:G4 and A8:G8 to have a bottom border. Format the range B5:G9 to Accounting Number Format, and then Decrease Decimal so no decimal places are shown. Ungroup the worksheets. 4. Make a copy of one of the quarterly worksheets, rename the new worksheet as Summary, and then position the Summary sheet between the Documentation and Jan worksheets. 5. In the Summary worksheet, in the range B5:F8, delete the existing values and insert formulas that add the sales in the corresponding cells of the three monthly worksheets.Use 3-D references in the formulas. (Hint: Reapply the bottom border to cells B8:G8 if needed. ) 6. Set up the Summary and three monthly worksheets for printing. Each worksheet should: a) be centered horizontally, b) fit on one page, c) display the name of the worksheet centered in the header, d) an d contain a custom footer that displays Winter Creek Apartments and the date on separate lines in the right section of the footer. Save your changes, close the workbooks and exit Excel. Submit your completed assignment on Moodle. 1

Sony-Ericsson Case

The reasons for this are of course numerous. One of the reasons was that both companies only had a minor market share, Ericson 10% and Sony 1,5% of the world market, whereas as the leader Nooks had 30,6%. This giving Nooks a huge advantage in existing customers as well as strong brand awareness. Another main reason for the fusion of both the mobile departments of the company was that both had problems in managing their departments. Sony had so many different sectors it was in that mobile was Just one more and was ;t paid enough attention.Ericson had the technology to be a leader, but they were always criticized for only being a group of engineers, developing good products, but not paying as much attention to customers desires as Nooks did. Therefore being significantly less successful than their Finnish rival. Both companies needed to restructure their efforts in the mobile development and that Is why it made sense for them both to start this partnership. Ericson would provide people and their expertise In telecommunications and Sony it ‘s expertise In consumer electronics products as well as $500 million.Both were able to cut costs significantly and still able to become a global player on this prosperous market In the future. 2) What was needed to succeed in this market? The main attributes that were needed to succeed in the market was the knowledge to develop in the direction of the technology that would be used in the future, as well as knowing and offering your customers what they were looking for. In fact one can say that Nooks did everything one needed to do to succeed. They listen to what their clients where looking/expecting from their mobile phones, and built a product portfolio accordingly.Due to this approach they were able to offer a specific product to every customer profile they had. Concerning technology they also did good work being the clear leaders In the 26 markets, which gave them a age head start. The management also did an excellent work, having a better-cost extra effort on not becoming a huge corporation with 100,000 employees, staying rather small gave them the advantage that decision could be taken quickly and that changes and adoptions to the products were able to be done immediately. ) Compare Ionians and Sony Ericson Mobile Communication's situations (activities, competences, finances) SEEM had a clear goal, which was to become the global number one player for multimedia products. This was supposed to be achieved by combining their forces in R&D, marketing, sales, distribution and customer services. The Joint force should give them the resources to overcome their seemingly untouchable competitor Nooks. The soft activities they were planning and adapting were: being responsive to the market, analyzing the behavior of the consumers and of their competitors.Nooks on the other hand wanted to keep their activities in the mobile sector at the same high level they had been over the sass's, strengthening their p osition in the market today and constantly investing in R. Even increasing the percentage of net sales being reinvested to R, which were around 8,9% in the late sass's, the goal being to maintain the strong market position for the 36 generation phones. From a financial point of view, we can only compare the individual financial statements of Ericson, Sony and Nooks from the appendix of the case.In a first look at the data available we can deduct that the financial situation of Nooks is clearly the most advantageous one. To be able to analyses financial statements that are comparable, I will only look at the ones of Nooks and Ericson. The Sony Corporation has so many different activities going on that from this financial statement I can't detect which revenues are from the mobile industry. The only observations I would like to mention about the company is that their revenue has been increasing over the years, but net income has been decreasing.This showing that in the core business w e are talking about Nooks has made the biggest step by increasing net sales in this sector by offer having a 80% growth per year between 1998 and 2000. These numbers are also reflected in the market share Nooks has on the world mobile market. 4) What are the potential risks for this alliance? The risks for this alliance are of course numerous. First of all Sony Ericson has to find a proper way to communicate to the public/customers why they have merged heir mobile departments and explain what profits this results in for them in the tend to which to other brands.This is the main risk, that they have to manage, which has to be dealt with proper attention and experienced marketing experts, so that a clear message is sent out to the public and current/future customers. Another potential risk is the management that consists of managers from both Ericson and Sony. It provides conflict potential when two corporate cultures clash. Managers from both sides are used to doing business their wa y but now they have to adapt to the managing methods of one another.This might make it difficult to find a common strategy, with which they want to market their brand. The responsibilities and decision fields have to be clearly defined to avoid these kinds of occurrences as good as possible. A further threat would be that both sides could quickly get frustrated if results are not as good or worse than expected. This could lead to one accusing the other of bad management, insufficient research and so on, resulting in a bad atmosphere in the company. This would further complicate the merger and might even lead to the decision to go separate ways again.

Poet or artist Essays

Poet or artist Essays Poet or artist Paper Poet or artist Paper Poetry is the rhythm of the soul. The said notion has often been implied or made particularly evident in the variety of voices and themes which emanate from every lyric of ever poem. Like most art, poetry reflects the sentiments, ideology or persuasions of a poet or artist as he or she is experiencing it, and perhaps, trying to communicate to readers and the rest of the world at a particular point in time. Poetry ultimately and essentially reflects or defines, in crude terms, a piece of an individual. To American poets Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, this same reality applies. Although both poets emerged and gained significant recognition at the turn of the twentieth century, and both are highly regarded and acknowledged as prominent figures in literature, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson inevitably differ from each other, as evident in their writing and poetry. In Whitmans â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider,† and Dickinsons â€Å"A Narrow Fellow In the Grass,† this difference is further affirmed and illustrated. Where Whitmans poems are usually stretched and long drawn however, and Dickinsons is conversely short and seemingly rudimentary, â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider,† and â€Å"A Narrow Fellow In the Grass† departs from both of the poets usual mold and routine in terms of poem length and indulges in the opposite. Whitmans short poem of two stanzas appears to be summed up in the title; and in the initial part of the poem, this is what readers are made to believe. â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† begins with his observation of the creature, as he writes â€Å" It stood, isolated; / It launchd forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself; / Ever unreeling them – ever tirelessly speeding them. † (Whitman). His observation of the â€Å"noiseless patient spider† ends with the arachnid engaged in laborious web spinning. The tone of the second stanza shifts abruptly when it pronounces quite beautifully, â€Å"And you, O my Soul, where you stand / Surrounded, surrounded in measureless oceans of space, / Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them † (Whitman). The verse picks up from the mundanity and apparent literal observation of a spider as it engages in a seeming routine and rudimentary activity which is to be expected of it. It then turns its focus to the writers soul, which exists much like the â€Å"noiseless patient spider† in that it tirelessly tries to weave meanings and experiences into being, a characteristic inherent to humanity, and in the human souls perhaps cliched quest for reason or meaning. Whitman speaks of the souls complex and boundless nature, of the â€Å"gossamer thread† which it appears to constitute, in reference and analogy to the poems title. Most of the poets writing, disguised, perhaps in crude terms, as â€Å"animal poetry† inevitably turn out as odes to humanity, much like â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† illustrates. On a similar but nonetheless contrasting note, Emily Dickinsons â€Å"A Narrow Fellow In The Grass,† which recounts the poets observation of a snake in a lyrical six stanza poem, could also be conveniently pigeonholed upon initial regard to the crudeness and categorization of â€Å"animal poetry,† much like â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider. † Of course, Dickinson is able to deliver more than that; although she makes no explicit mention of the word â€Å"snake† in her poem, her descriptions regarding the less than favorable animal is evident in the extent of her poem, and her dislike or wariness of it is also expressed. She writes, about the snake, harping on danger and caution, â€Å"The grass divides as with a comb, / A spotted shaft is seen; / And then it closes at your feet / And opens further on. † (Dickinson). The tone which exists in the aforementioned lines is the same sentiment which dominates the entire poem, of a seeming villain afoot and lurking in every lines. She culminates the poem, perhaps with a playful or serious warning, â€Å"But never met this fellow, / Attended or alone, / Without a tighter breathing, / And zero at the bone. † Apart from the different choice of animal metaphor, words, rhythm, and structure which Whitman and Dickinson incorporate in their writing; in the incensed at times cryptic manner by which Whitman indulges his thoughts and musings, and in the seemingly simple and less flamboyant way in which Dickinson writes her poetry, both poets not only in their approach in writing poetry, but by the sentiment or ideology which their respective poems evoke as well. While Whitmans â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† is not exactly optimistic, but nonetheless evokes a sense of beauty (albeit in sadness), familiarity, and maybe even hope because it muses on the instance of humanity, of the experiences of the soul, which every human being undoubtedly possesses, it affords its readers a different kind of elation, and a type of elevation in ones spirit; Dickinsons on the other hand, appears to evoke the opposite. â€Å"A Narrow Fellow In The Grass† appears devoid of this effective elation and spiritual elevation in the seeming cynical and skeptical way that it is told. It perhaps reflects the poets dim or pragmatic view of reality and existence as it unfolds to her. Ultimately both poets may not share the same worldview or ideology, and approach to poetry with regads to humanity and existence, but their distinct voices provide readers alternative points of view on the subject, affording individuals poetry in its beauty and variety. Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"A Narrow Fellow In The Grass. † 7 February 2008 www. online- literature. com/dickinson/824/. Whitman, Walt. â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider. † 7 February 2008.

Arguments about God Essays

Arguments about God Essays Arguments about God Essay Arguments about God Essay Essay Topic: Arguments In this RS coursework, I intend to write about the Christian arguments concerning god. In the first part I will describe some of the main arguments Christians put forward about their belief in God.In the second part I will explain some of the difficulties in trying to describe God, for example what gender should we use while describing him.The third part will contain a debate as to whether god exists, and if he does then whether or not we should be able to prove it. I will accomplish these tasks using different points of view, mine included.Part one: the main arguments Christians put forward about their belief in God.a) First beliefs picked up from the beliefs of parentsFirst beliefs are often taught to children from their parents, young children often assume everything their parents say is right, even if it contradicts reality, for example Father Christmas. Those who grew up in a Christian family are likely to have Christian beliefs, just as those brought up in a Hindu family are likely to have Hindu beliefs. This is because Children have no experience of the world and actuality itself; therefore they have no capability to question their parents. The beliefs of God, are often enforced through bedtime reading of the bible, or in the case of hell, told as a true horror story; purposely to scare children into believing. These beliefs, children simply accept until they get older, when they begin to question their parents and challenge them. Thus a childs belief as to whether or not God exists is influenced from the start of its life from its family and social experience.Questions about the existence of God in late childhood and when you are an adultThere are many questions human beings ask at some point in their life: the mysteries of the universe, mainly revolving around one thing, God. These questions have no specific answers and can be dwelled on for years before actually making sense, but there have been many arguments and beliefs peopl e of the past have thought and written about. Only a few of these questions are:Question 1 -How has anything come to exist rather than nothing?If in the beginning there was nothing, what was the reason for the universe to be created? For what reason did it go to all the bother of creating it/itself.The answers to this perplexing question are the arguments of St Thomas Aquinas; he was a 13th century philosopher who argued many of his beliefs. One of which was that God was the first uncaused cause. In other words; he believed in the non-believers argument of the big bang, (a huge explosion) but he sustained that something had to be behind the big bang; a will for the universe to exist; God. And thats why something came out of nothing, instead of remaining nothing.Question 2 -How has the cosmos come to be so well designed and some features purposeful?This question means how come the universe and everything in it is so well designed for its living environment? For example, evolution.Wil liam Paley imposed his idea. His example was a watch, if someone found a watch he wouldnt simply assume it had evolved, it had to have a maker the clock maker; but in the universes case, God.Similarly, the watches are often flawed; they will break eventually due to age. This is due to the flaws of the design and therefore its makers, in other words the thing that is made reflects its good and bad attributes to its maker. We can see in wildlife and ourselves how each is designed to fit its purpose magnificently. Hence their maker must also be magnificent. The answer to these questions is perfectly clear; the cosmos has come to be so well designed because of God. Simple creatures that cannot think for themselves are so perfectly adapted to their environment, they appear to be almost designed to be that way. They have no knowledge, they are constantly being guided by a higher entity, which has the spirit and thoughts they dont. If you look around outside, you would be able to see how well things seem to fit together, almost as though the world has been synchronized to the highest and most complex way.Being impossible for us humans to control creatures and scenery to this extent, we must look to a higher existence, God.However, a slight controversy to this would be, many creatures in todays world are under risk because theyre not well designed for the environment they live in. Among the animal kingdom, the cruel rule is survival of the fittest where some animals are blatantly less well designed than others are. This indicates that the universe is as a result of random chance, not clever design. And then it spirals back to the question of whether we have a malevolent or incompetent God. Then again, this point of view is flawed because if the animal kingdom were all balanced equally, none of the species would survive. This is because carnivores need to be able to catch their food, so they would have to be better than their prey wouldnt they? Besides the world cant be completely unbalanced in a bad way because then the food chain would spiral out of control.Question 3 -How did organic life come to be in the universe?How did everything natural still alive or extinct end up becoming a part of the universe.Everything in this world has a purpose. Without all the organic life on this world there would be no world, just a lifeless, insignificant piece of rock in the middle of a huge universe. Christians believe in the seven day theory where God created every organic life form within 7 days, (genesis) however these beliefs may not always be taken literally as there is significant evidence that the world must have taken millions of years to create. The world would appear to have started off full of bacteria and minerals and rocks, that is all.Then after an immense amount of time humans, plants and animals eventually were created. All this is absolutely extraordinary, because life requires a parent, or a life giver. Monkeys give birth to monkeys, zebra s give birth to zebras but who was there before there were any of these species? Who and how where they made? This is where the belief of the existence of God is important. Belief in God provides a clear explanation for a seemingly unclear event, for example, like how was the earth created? God was the original cause according to the bible, St Thomas Aquinas and many Christians today.Question 4 -How has intelligent thought emerged, enabling us to ask these questions?This uncertainty demonstrates that we are able to think freely, whereas other creatures cant and where did this originate from?The answer from Christians lies in the bible. It states in the second creation story that God gave us free will, because he didnt want little slaves following him round everywhere, doing exactly as he pleased, and not having a life for themselves. However, he didnt want us to disobey him either. He created us in his image, and he had a thinking mind, so he allowed us one too. Only to have us betr ay him. Consequently he banished us from the Garden of Eden.We ask these questions because we are a certain people, we dont like mysteries, they have to be solved. Some people spend their whole lives trying to figure out the worlds secrets and then it even passes on to their offspring. We are obsessed with logic. But logic has not solved all these questions for thousands of years!So what use is logic, we still dont actually know whether God exists, whether its the God from Christianity or Hinduism etc. But people believe it and so to them it is real. God is a simple way out of a difficult question like so many other things in todays life. For example aliens ghosts and the supernatural etc. In fact, belief in God can provide a simple explanation of things, events etcQuestion 6 -How is it we recognised awe and the numinous in a sunset, beauty and music, etc?How come we can acknowledge the supernatural in a sunset etc?The solution is that in fact not many of us often do realize the bea utiful and supernatural things in life, such as a sunset. However Christians often do as they appreciate everything in the world and to be Gods will and work. The world and solar system is all pretty amazing, many of us just never have enough time to simply think about all the marvellous things, that we take for granted everyday of our lives. For example the force that allows planets to orbit around the sun and never bump into each other, rotating the moon and the sun depending on night or day. The world is rather beautiful even in the simplest things. We sometimes recognize it and when we do, it gives us an understanding that there is something out there, making all this happen. This thing has so much power that it stuns us with awe at the thought of it, theres not a lot more powerful than humans so when something stronger strikes us its rather breathtaking to think about.Question 7 -How do we come to recognise the need for rules and morality?Why do we have rules and principles? Ho w did we comprehend it? We are a logical people who like order and clear explanations of events.The answer is there must be someone watching over us, an ethical lawgiver. Christians believe this is God and in the bible it explains the 10 commandments, which allow us to enter the kingdom of heaven when we die, but only if we follow them. There also always needs to be rules in society, or bad events will follow. Christians believe this is God testing us and these bad events are punishments. So as not to anger God again we inaugurate rules so it never happens again. This argument is called the moral argument.Question 8 -How is it we recognise the value of love e.g. from parents, friends etcWe often interrogate our understanding of love and how we can recognize it.The first love ever, to Christians was when God created humans he loved us dearly and still does. When Adam and Eve betrayed him and he banished them from the garden, he made clothes for them, to hide their nudity, which they where ashamed of. God was angry, but the clothes were symbols of his love for us. Nowadays, we recognize love as a feeling of affection towards someone. Whether theyre a friend, relation, lover or even an animal. Behind love there is an entity telling us that love is good and we feel warm inside when were around people we love. Christians believe this is a reward, and love is good.Personal experience of believers in GodSome people claim to have had a personal experience of God; sometimes such experiences can turn atheists into Christians or Christians into deeper Christians. A few examples of what a personal experience could be:* The feeling of wonder and peace, Christians get when they enter a holy building or somewhere significant to God.* Another experience is conversion this is where someone normally (not necessarily a Christian) gives her/his life to God and preaches about the Christian faith, whereas before he was just an ordinary guy.* An additional experience could be miracl es. Miracles are where something contradicts normality, with the only explanation of it being God. Like when someone is almost sure to die and then miraculously recover. Another type of miracle could be when Christians pray, and their prayers are answered. Miracles are powerful to believers in God as the cause and effect can be related in a short time period.* One more experience could be of actually seeing the God, and sensing his presence. This could happen in a near death experience, or from a flat liner brought back by the hospital staff. It could also happen through dreams or trances, these are called mystical experiencesThese experiences are often extremely hard to explain, almost as if the human language isnt enough to describe the extremity of the emotions involved. It also seems to be unique to each viewer so no one else understands. Often the onlooker describes the experience as a window to another, better world.Everyday experiences evoke ideas of GodWe experience God ever yday of our lives, whether or not we have enough time to even embrace the thought of how beautiful everything around us is. We can see Gods work in everything organic, we can smell it, touch it, hear it, and taste it. You can sense the supernatural when day changes into night and the moon and Sun swap. The sun doesnt set and rise of its own accord; the earth doesnt spin of its own accord. They are constantly upheld by God to never stop spinning and never bash into each other. There is always a day after a night and always a night after a day. Always birds singing harmoniously in the morning, do we not groan and wish some one would shoot them, shouldnt we take their song to be a compliment; exquisite life lives below our windowsill? And what about all the risks we take everyday, adults drive cars, children take buses, we cross roads, drink alcohol and there are so many other risks we take every single day. If you thought about it, doesnt it make you feel as if youre being watched ove r? Christians are thankful for those singing birds, thankful that their last cigarette didnt kill them, thankful to God for keeping their families safe for at least that one last day. Dont we take all this for granted?We thank God for our daily bread, For what we are about to receive may the Lord make us truly thankful.Crises in life, which provoke deep questions about GodIts all very well we appreciate the birds and the trees, but what about when a crises happens? Many Christians are forced to question their faith, question whether their whole lives worshipping God have been worthwhile or just completely time-consuming and pointless. A few examples of this are:* Illness* Death of family members or of loved ones* Divorce* Suffering* Depression* Rape* Struck by lightning* Car accidentsIf God looks after his believers how come he lets these bad things happen to us?Reinforced by millions of other similar believers of GodAs well as many other things that influence Christianity, Christia nity is the number 1 religion in the entire world, so there are absolutely millions of believers of God, Christians can connect with and be further influenced, to continue their religion and stand up for it until the bitter end. Christians regard their Christian friends as their family, their church as their second home. They share such friendly love for their family and true Christians go to church for fun, meetings and a little miracle that happens when they enter the church; a rush of love for God, and the friendship (fellowship) of man (people).Part two: Difficulties in trying to describe GodTraditional theological words associate unique features to GodIn Genesis it states that God created us in his own image, yet we cannot do half the things he can. For example there are many theological words associated with God, these are omniscient, which means he knows everything, what has happened to us, what will happen to us, who is important to us, what were thinking etc. However, it al so states in the bible that we have free will. If God knows whats going to happen to us, isnt that controlling us?Another word would be omnipotent, this means he can do everything but if he could do anything then he should be able to create a rock that he couldnt lift? This is logically contradictory, like so many other things that contradict each other in the bible.Another word would be omnipresent, this means he is present everywhere including every evil situation, but if this is so how can we trap a bit of God in a box?Another word for God and his apparent super-human attributes is Omni benevolent. But this is also flawed because if he was benevolent he would be incompetent; if he is competent he would be malevolent. This is because of all the suffering in the world, if hes so benevolent, why doesnt he stop it? Isnt he supposed to be omnipotent? If he is omnipotent then he must not want to stop it, which means hes not omni benevolent. What about the holocaust what are Gods reason s for not stopping it? However, it also states in the bible humans have free will, perhaps in the example of the holocaust, it was Hitlers will that the holocaust happened. So God didnt mess with Hitlers decision, until Hitler died that is. But this must have been very difficult for thousands of Jews to accept.Like humans but beyond human lifeGod is said to be like humans, but he is so much beyond human life that we simply cannot describe him in our human language. All we can say is he is completely beyond and utterly superior to the world, after all he did create it according to the bible. In fact, humans have so many different points of view of how God is, they all become entangled and confused. Brian Davies, a Philosopher of Religion in Philosophy of Religion, 2000 wrote:The word God has been understood in different ways. So you should not assume thatdiscussions as to what God is are always proceeding on a set of shared assumptionsGod is traditionally pictured as a man could he n ot be also seen as a woman? God also sometimes pictured as a ray of sunshine, or a personHuman words not enoughIn the bible, because of the language barrier of describing God, the writers can only use metaphors, symbols and analogies. A word symbol example famously used in the bible would be The Lord is my shepherd Psalm 23.1. Such stories made sense when most story telling was by word of mouth, with few people able to read. Also most people, until recent times, had little education or ability to read and write. So symbols are bigger than signs because they go beyond basic facts. However, symbols should not be interpreted factually or literally. That is why the bible is sometimes so misinterpreted, it is full of symbols, and often the reader takes those symbols literally or takes non-symbols as symbols.Since we only have the simple human languages, we cannot talk about an entity beyond humanity, so instead we use analogies for example God loves you where Gods love analogous with hum an love.Ontology: a description that leads to an argument for existence (part a)Anslem was the Arch Bishop of Canterbury in 1033 and he came up with the prospect of ontology. He based his argument on the prayer Proslogion, which uses this definition; The Ontological definition the language of perfect and full existence God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived Proslogion 1078.Anslem believed that with God there must always be existence, just as with a 3-sided triangle there must always be 3 angles. To be a triangle this is necessary, to be God this is necessary. God cannot not exist because he is the greatest possible conceivable entity. In other words, God is not the greatest conceivable entity that exists but is the greatest conceivable entity.The different between existing in reality and existing in imagination is that existing in reality is stronger. If the strongest entity ever existed in the imagination then an entity just like it would have to live in reality, therefore being better than the entity in the imagination, so the entity in the imagination couldnt be God, as God would have to be existing to be the greatest conceivable entity.God cant be made or destroyed because he is the perfection of everything, including existence. So Gods existence is unlimited, Gods non-existence is impossible. From this the concept of immortal also follows.Part 3: A debate as to whether God exists and if he did, whether or not we should be able to prove it.From arguments in part 1 summarise their strengths and weaknessesThe arguments about whether God really exists:1. The moral argument, we have so many laws in todays life there simply must be some kind of law giver at the start. If a random moral law just existed on its own, (which is actually impossible) there would be no moral foundation for people to believe in it. It may exist, but if there is no reason for it to then why should anyone follow it? Laws exist because someone wrote them, however the la ws are equal for everyone so the lawgiver must be absolutely good. Who is absolutely good? No one apart from God himself.2. The teleological argument, this is the argument of St Thomas Aquinas; He believed God was the first uncaused cause. The strengths of this argument are that as well as his own beliefs he accepts the scientific ones as well, e.g. the big bang. His argument also dates back from Plato and Aristotles unmoved mover, perhaps even before. This means the argument has a pretty solid origin. At first his first uncaused cause argument looks reasonably sturdy but do they actually prove God? We could argue against the first uncaused cause theory by questioning the fact that God is the first uncaused cause, why couldnt it simply be the universe or the big bang? In other words cant the universe of created itself instead of creating an entirely new entity? This surely makes more sense. And besides all this, what makes the first necessary cause God? It could quite easily be some thing else, in no way whatsoever must it be God or anything to do with Christianity or the bible.3. The cosmological argument, why there is something rather than nothing, why theres a universe, why did it go to all the bother. The best explanation is that we have an omnipotent God who created it. God created it and thats that. However, there are many objections to this argument. The first doubt is how this possibility matches the Principle of Sufficient Reason. This states that everything ever existing has a reason. However this is not clear, because if everything exists for a reason, and God is self-caused then we have a logical contradiction. However, this rule may not apply to God but only things existing in the universe, maybe it only applies to important things like the universe. I think its fair to say the universe does need an explanation, and the answer to that explanation is God.From language in part 2 is it possible for humans to give a conclusive answerDue to the limitati ons of the written word and language cannot give a conclusive answer nor deal fully with the possibility of God. Arguments in English probably can never be fully solved anyway because if one person actually figured out the answer to all the riddles and firmly knew it was true, either theyd never convince everyone else, or it would be too complex to actually put into words. Many of the spiritual, or religious experiences can be felt or experienced, but are really hard to think through and put down in words.So language is limited in its ability to give and explain a conclusive answer. Many new words were created (e.g. ontology, omnipotent) to try to describe feelings or spiritual things.Verification/FalsificationTrue Christians cannot easily be persuaded to change their viewpoints on their belief.John Hick the road, is a parable, and like all parables has narrow limitations. It only makes one point, which is in Christian life, they will always believe in God, and whatever happens the y will end up in either heaven or hell. The atheist protests however that this doesnt prove God exists. The road explains this point in a context of two people walking down a road, one a Christian one an atheist, the road resembled their life and they walked their journey in a separate frame of mind from each other, the atheist not understanding what will happen to him at the end of the road, the Christian knowing he will probably go to heaven, but perhaps hell.This parable explains to us that at some point during our life, we make a choice. Whether to be a Christian and follow the path God has laid out for them, or to be an atheist or a member of any other religion, unknowing what will happen. To be a Christian is to believe the bible, it would be almost impossible to convince him/her otherwise, but Christians simply believing in something, doesnt make the atheist believe it too.Basil Mitchells The Stranger is an allegory about a man and a stranger. The man meets the stranger once in intimacy and from then onwards completely trusts him and believes him to be right. No matter what people said against this stranger, the man kept believing. Though questions arouse about the strangers purpose, the man never questioned his friend. This story is like a Christians faith. From the first time they understand about God and love him, they never question their faith, no matter what anyone says. They believe it and no one can change that, the only way possible is if they think Gods betrayed them, but this rarely happens and often Christians return to their faith after theyve calmed down. This parable deeply shows the amount of passion Christians show for their religion. When theyre faced with a question they dont answer it, when something good happens they thank the lord, when something bad happens they believe God knows best.John Wisdoms The Garden is a very simple story with a great meaning behind it. The story basically consists of two people who walk into an untended garden, the first person sees the weeds the negative effects but the second person puts his belief forward and sees all the positive things about the garden, for example there could be a line of daffodils or something that would seem to suggest to him a hidden gardener had come and tended the garden. The moral of this story is that Christians believe everything happens for a reason, they look at life in a positive way because they know God is always watching over them, when something bad happens they take it as a warning.For example if a Christian was seated on a wooden chair, which had slowly been eaten away by termites for months, and finally the chair broke, while this Christian was sitting on it. The Christian would take it as a punishment from God for not clearing those termites, he would be positive about his fall and think of it as a sign from God that he should do something, whereas an atheist would simply curse and take falling off his chair as simple bad luck and possibly clear the termites. This is why you often see a lot of old ladies going back to Christianity, Christians way of life gives them hope if theyve lost their partners or something else terrible has happened to them.